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作曲：谢尔盖·拉赫玛尼诺夫(SergeiRachmaninov） 

来源：转自《吉他时代论坛》 

 c小调第二钢琴协奏曲Op.18拉赫玛尼诺夫的钢琴协奏曲共有四首，其中的《第二钢琴协奏曲》和《第三钢琴协奏曲》所具有的高度艺术水平和取得的巨大成就，大大地超过了他后期在国外的一些创作；像柴科夫斯基的《第一钢琴协奏曲》那样，这两首协奏曲也可以叫做为钢琴和管弦乐队而写的交响曲。

《c小调第二钢琴协奏曲》PianoConcertono.2incMinorOp.18在1900-1901年间写成，这是作者经历过若干年艰重的创作危机之后重又聚起新的创作力量的开始，同时也是作者个人生活中因结婚而来的幸福转机之前的产物——所有这些，在一定程度上很可能影响了这首作品的总的特点。一般说来，这里的基调是明朗的，充满着欢乐的情绪和温柔、恳挚的抒情诗色彩；在这里，很明显地又可以感觉得到“大风景”前夕的那种情绪，作为日益高涨的革命浪潮的反映，这是对光明和革新的追求，是乐观的英雄性表现，因此抒情的音流特别饱满、强壮而有力。

  换句话说，《第二钢琴协奏曲》的艺术形象特别丰富，它兼备严峻的戏剧性和明朗而奋激的抒情性，这种对比用两组不同的音乐形象来体现：其中一个是充满意志力的主题，它的节奏明晰，但饰有阴暗而严厉的色调，另一个则是情绪激昂、宽广自由地流转的歌曲性旋律。这首协奏曲的第一乐章就是在这样的不同形象的对此基础上写成的，它的基本主题明显地划分上述两种类型，在整部作品中它是最戏剧性的一章，它的结构袭用奏鸣曲形式。

第一乐章中板，c小调，2/2拍子，奏鸣曲形式。从一段简短的引子开始。这段引子相当特别，它尽是一些和弦，由钢琴独奏奏出，它的音响从倍弱一直发展到倍强，像喑哑沉闷的钟声一般，缓慢均匀而庄严，具有号召性的力量，正如俄罗斯作曲家梅特涅尔（H.K.MeTHep1879-1951）所说，“每当第一下警钟声响，你就会感到整个俄罗斯跃然奋起。”这段引子为乐章第一主题的出现充分做好了准备。现在，钢琴以其沸腾般的波浪音型充作背景，这时候出现的第一主题，旋律进行从容不迫，从中可以感到傲然的欢呼、史诗般刚毅的性格、不可战胜的力量和奋激的热潮：它有时带有严峻的气质，有时又像抑郁的沉思一般。这支旋律气息宽广，开头的音调有着充足而丰富的发展，但在这里歌唱性的发挥又完全服从于坚定、权威的节奏，从而在一定程度上具有颂歌和进行曲的色彩，它那巨大的步伐几乎全部交由乐队加以体现。

这个主题虽然不是俄罗斯民歌曲直接引用，但它却深具民族特点，其旋律与和声同俄罗斯典礼音乐有着密切的联系。不多久音乐的色彩逐渐地转趋明朗，节奏重音也减弱了，随后充溢着光辉、明朗的抒情性的第二主题也呈现了。同前一主题一样，这第二主题也是歌唱性的，其中同样可以感觉得到俄罗斯的平原之辽阔，但是性格却所不同：这里有抒情的温柔，有奋激的热情，也有淡淡的幻想和倦怠之态，略具东方的色彩。这个主题开始时单独由钢琴奏出，接着乐队才用轻淡柔和的乐句伴随着它。第二主题的这一抒情形象在这一乐章具有相当重要的意义。它甚至统御着整个乐章的发展。呈乐部近结束时，第一主题开头的动机重又出现，但这时显得平静而安详，它同钢琴声部的一些典雅的音型诙谐地相对置。乐章的发展部比较简短，它的力度不停顿地径直发展着。

这里出现一个新的主题，它的音调显然是从第二主题派生出来的，而它那清晰明快的节奏又迹近于第一主题，这个主题同样具有独立的作用，也可以叫做第三主题，它成为发展部的基础。

在这发展部中，钢琴声部特别丰富；这里还常可看到一些衬腔的交织、作为旋律进行背景的喁喁私语的音型、高音区中尖刺般的音响以及沉重的和弦。音乐从稍带不安的情绪逐渐转化为悲壮的激情，并在进入再现部前形成高潮。这时，钢琴声部上的第三主题同乐队演奏的第一主题交织在一起，音乐具有胜利狂欢的进行曲特点。但是这力度的高潮并没有持续多长时间，这胜利行列的匀整而有力的步调停息下来了，最后只有钢琴以其柔和的音响结束第一主题的咏唱。乐章的第二主题再现时也有很大变化，它的节奏放宽，并改由法国号轻声奏出，它的音调委婉、感情温暖。乐章的尾声相当扩展，它从第二主题（在乐队）的简洁陈述开始，随后是第三主题（在独奏钢琴上），这两个主题的进行速度放慢，节奏流畅，情调平和，很像一幅带有淡淡的哀愁色调的风景画。只是在乐章结束时，第一主题开头的动机突然爆发出新的力量，才使人又记起那傲然决断的形象。

第二乐章是肃穆而舒缓的三部曲式。以其明净的沉思同前一乐章的抒情、激昂和英勇精神相对照，这一乐章在听者的想象中展示出一幅俄罗斯大自然的画面，同时也深刻地揭示出人的感情世界。乐章开始时出现一些悠缓、流畅的和弦，由带弱音器的弦乐器奏出，这些和弦同随后钢琴的一些从容不迫的音型，奠定了这一乐章的凝神的气氛。乐章的基本主题就在这一背景上由长笛奏出，它的音响柔和，气息十分宽广。不难看出，这个主题开头的旋律进行在音调上同前一乐章第二主题有点相近。不过，在这里，它更流畅、更从容，在迷人的温柔之间融合著幻想、希望和生活的欢乐。

逐渐地音乐的性格发生了变化。明朗的幻想被热切、欢乐的激情所代替，在乐章中段，乐队只出现基本主题的一些回声，独奏钢琴的一些活跃的音型跃居第一位，像是首轻快诙谐的钢琴练习曲，然后就以光辉有力的华彩乐段作为结束。在乐章的最后一段基本主题的再现有所压缩，它又唤回了听者对那沉思的回忆，这种情绪即使在乐章的简短结尾中仍然没有减失。

第三乐章是一首快速度的情绪欢腾的终曲，诙谐的快板，C大调，2/2拍子，近乎于回旋曲。从一段长引子开始，在它那明快的节奏中只有第一主题的个别因素露面，但其中一段华彩性钢琴乐句却很有特色。这一乐章以两个主题的对置为基础：第一主题充满着热力、生机和欢乐，它以其简洁有力的音调、丰富的节奏、不可遏制的进行和钢琴明亮清脆的音响而征服听众——这一主题的轮廓是在引子中逐渐形成的，它的完整的形貌最初在钢琴上呈现，没有乐队的撑持。

乐章第二主题的旋律进行柔和、流畅，富于宽广如歌等抒情特点。这个主题同前一主题构成鲜明的对比，但它那炽热而激奋的抒情咏唱，却是由第一主题的急速和欢快的形象为它做好准备的。

乐章的发展部以第一主题为基础，拉赫玛尼诺夫广泛揭示这个主题的丰富内涵，包括勇武的毅力、舞蹈的典雅以及诙谐的轻快等等方面，而且几乎又是“一气呵成”。它那罕见的力度，则靠始终不减的快速进行、决断有力的音调和清晰坚定的节奏形成。《第二钢琴协奏曲》在乐思的交响发展方面运用得相当广泛和出色，但在这发展部中显得更加突出。

在乐章的再现部中，作者只让第一主题稍一露面，便由连接段带入第二主题。像呈示部一样，这第二主题开头先由乐队奏出然后转递给钢琴声部，它依然保持住那抒情和狂喜的特性。乐章的尾声十分扩展：在这里，第一主题重又出现，它由乐队奏出，进行逐渐加快，力度不断增涨。钢琴这时虽处于伴奏地位，但它以其华彩、八度音、和弦等钢琴技巧组成的音流而使听者眩惑，并以一段华彩乐句作结。在一个令人引起警觉的小休止之后，乐队和钢琴好像全都鼓足了力量，整个乐队全力奏出第二主题，而在钢琴提供的强有力的和弦背景中，还不难听到第一主题开头动机的音调；这时候，第二主题已经不再具有原来的抒情色调，成为庄严的颂赞或宏伟的颂歌，它有力地肯定了这首协奏曲基本的乐观主义思想。整个作品以音响饱满的和弦乐句构成的排山倒海的狂潮作为结束。

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